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Prepared by: Preface 
Goats belong to Ruminant Hoofed Family. They were originated in the mountain areas in Minor Asia wherefrom they were spread to various areas of the world supported of their adaptation with various climate conditions as well as their capability to graze on desert plants, trees and dry herbs unlike sheep and cows. Goats live in either small or big herds in the plains, deserts, heights and mountain areas. Most of goat species are found in Asia and Africa. Goats are from the first hoofed animals tamed by man where the date of their domestication refers to the year 7000 BC. They are economical animals and do not need much cost for breeding and shelter. The first explorers were keeping goats in their ships during the long voyages in the sea to provide them with food and milk. They were brought to the new world of America in order to provide the new settlers with milk and meet. The colors of goats are usually white, black, brown or a mixture of these colors due to hybridization among various species. Goats can climb, leap and stand on her back legs to reach the leaves of trees. They are characterized by intelligence and prefer living in herds. Goats maximum life time is between 10-12 years and sometimes they reach to 15 years of age. Goat milk and products are the most consumable products in the world when compared with other animals. Goat flesh is law in fats, easy for digestion together with high nutrient value. Goats of Switzerland are the first in the world in milk production. The Turkish goat ( Angora), the Cashmere goat and the Russian goat (Don) are bred for their soft fibers which are used for luxurious textiles. Goat skin are utilized in the countryside and the Bedouin areas as pots for keeping and cooling potable water as well to agitate milk, while their wool is used to twist threads for tents and carpets made by Bedouins who dwell the deserts.
Production, Reproduction and Inherited characteristics of Goats The demand for power and animal protein of milk and milk products has become one of the major fundamental factors which should be put in consideration at present since the problem of the increasing demand on milk production will not be solved through multiplying the number of cows and buffaloes but by increasing milk production through breeding species which are more resistant to harsh climate conditions and draught and less in economically cost like goats which do not need high costly fodders, resistible to bacterial diseases and less delivery period. It is possible however to improve goats breed of lower production through improving their physiological characteristics considering that goats are capable to live and propagate in the rough areas as well. We have to highlight on the following points:
The number of goats was estimated to (410) million during the eighteenth of the 20 th century and raised to 610 ( million) during the nineteenth of the 20 th century. The average of increase was 49% in Asia, 14% in Africa and 15% in South America. About 80% of the total number of goats in the world is concentrated in the equatorial and the semi equatorial areas. The number of goats in the Arab countries was 70 million according to animal statistics of 1992. About 67% of the total number of goats is existed in Sudan , Somali , Mauritania and Yemen. The above indicates the high capacity of goats to adapt and reproduce under different environmental and climate conditions. There are about 300 breeds of goats in the world. Most of them are originated in the tropical areas. They are mainly breed for meat production. Goats are divided according to following: It averages between 2 kg / day in the Indian Beetal breed and Shami breed, 2.5 kg in South Africa Borsfi breed and the Egyptian breed Newi. Daily milk production may reach to 9 kg in some of Sasnen breed. Milk production in Jamnapari breed may comes between 143 – 1035 kg per year while the seasonal milk yield continues between 57 – 300 days. Differences in milk production refers to the inherited characteristics of goats either in the duration of milk yield season or the quantities of milk. Goats have the capacity to consume less quantity of fodder necessary for milk production in comparison with cows and sheep. Moreover, they were adaptable to live in deserts, mountain areas and other places which might be difficult for cows and sheep to live in them. Goat's age is usually identified by teeth of the lower jaw. Goats are born with three pairs of milky molar teeth. The fourth pair appear three weeks after delivery. Milky teeth stay for eight months after delivery and the front pair is replaced by permanent teeth when the goats reaches to 1-2 years old. The 2nd, 3 rd , and the 4th pairs appear during 2 - 2.5, 3, 4 years respectively(medians, corners, laterals. ) Preferable to be from 4 - 8 weeks for females and from 12 weeks for males. 69% of the net weight of carcass is meat and 31% is bones. Health care is a necessary factor to improve the productivity of goats. Therefore, we have to make available specialized human cadres in goat diseases to secure health care for goats. The Main Diseases that Infects Goats General Guidelines on Veterinary Vaccinations
It can be realized through genetic improvement, selection of breeds and hybridization. Milk Production of Goats Goat milk is preferable for children, aged and sick people since its formula is assimilated to human milk of mothers in addition to its easy digestion due to the nature of its protein and homogeneous fats unlike the cow milk which contain inhomogeneous fats and difficult to digest. It was found that goat milk is preferable for those who are suffering from stomach ulcer due to its ability to equilibrate the exceeded acids of stomach besides that it is more suitable for those who suffer from sensitivity to cow milk which causes disturbances in their digestive system. Goat Health Goats have great ability to adapt themselves with different environmental conditions as well as the ability to resist many diseases. The temperature of goats averages between 102.5 – 104 Fahrenheit, the average of heart beats reaches to 60 – 80 beat per minute and the average of breathing ranges between 15 – 30 breath per minute. There are some signals which reflect the good health of goats and should be considered by animal raisers and others before buying such as glittering and clear eyes as the hollow eyes may indicate the infection of scarlet eye disease. Bright and soft hair as rough hair may suggest the infection of parasites whether they are external parasites like mange and ring worm or the internal parasites such as liver fluke or gastrointestinal worms. The desire for food and good appetite are also signs of healthy animal because lack of desire for food may suggest the infection microbes fever. Milk Goats There are more than sixty species of milk goats and most of them are known by their plentiful production due to their inherited characterizations of milk production in addition to their capacity to transform the food they have into milk. Milk goats are classified according to the daily quantity of milk they produce and the lactation period. The following species are the most celebrated : Saanen Goat They are characterized with their white colour and big size. They may be found with or without horns and have uprising onward ears. Switzerland is the country of origin of those species, however they were spread in most of the world countries for their fame in milk production. The newborn goat weighs between 3 – 3.5 kg and averages after one year between 35- 45 kg. Weight of mother goat may reaches to 50 -70 kg and males between 75 -100 kg. Percentage of twin production is between 180 250% and the mean production of milk 800 liter during the season. The average percentage of fats reaches to 3.5%. It is worth mentioning that the highest averages of milk production in the world. Toggenburg Goats Toggenburg goats are characterized with brown colour and white colours in the face, ears and legs. They have straight nose and they may or may not having corns, short hair and uprising noses. Toggenburg goats are originally Swiss, however they are bred on a large scale in the USA . Toggenburg goats are less in weight and length than Saaneen goats and characterized by milk production of milk all round the year in the tropical and cool climates. Anglonubian Goat This kind of goats was hybridized in England between the local breed, the Nubian one and the Indian Jamnapari. It is available in three colors red, white. black and brown colors. It is characterized with Romanian nose, long dangling ears, with or without twisted horns and short hair. Nubian goats are almost equal in size, less in milk production however their milk is fatter than that of the Saaneen milk. Anglonobian goats are specialized with higher performance in the hot environment than the cold one. They are widely spread in the USA and Canada . The female goat can begot three twins in one delivery. Lamancha Goat Their size varies between medium and big size. They were hybridized in USA with goats of Spanish origin. They are characterized with variety of colors, very small ears less than 2inches and highly productivity of milk with average fats of 4.2%. Mountain Goat They are bred for their meat and milk production, while their wool are used by the Bedouins for tents. Mountain goats constitute about 65% of goats of the desert areas in the Middle East . They are characterized with straight noses, long dangling ears and the black color is dominant. The female goats have backward horns while the horns of the males are long and thick and slope to backward and forward in a twisted form. The female goat weight is averaged between 30 – 35 kg and the male weight is averaged between 40 – 60 kg . The mean production of milk averages from 150 – 250 kg and the average of fats reaches to 4%. Females delivers 1 – 3 infants once a year however the percentage of twins delivery is little when compared to Syrian goat (Alshami).Syrian Goat It is considered one of the oldest breeds in milk production. They are breed in Syria where the fertile pastures and green fodders are available. It is characterized with the yellow colour and it has long and soft hair prevailed by red or brown colour. It has convex front and nose and fleshy out growths beneath the neck whose length may reach to 8 cm in addition to large ears and udder and their heads are void of horns. The average weight of the mature female is between 30 – 40 kg and the male between 45 – 60 kg. The female goat becomes mature when it reaches to 12 – 24 months and is characterized by high percentage of twins comparing to the mountain goat. It usually delivers between 1 – 3 twins in each delivery and the average of milk production is between 400 – 500 liter according to the conditions of pasture. Alzaraibi Goat Amongst the oldest and the most celebrated breeds of goats. Upper Egypt and Ethiopia are the countries of origin for this breed of goats. It is characterized with curved nose which bent aside, dark blond color, spotty brownish with white color and black and white color. It is known by its high productivity of milk which averages between 3 – 4kg per day and between 150 – 300 kg in the season and may reach to 500 kg . This breed of goat is much existed in Egypt especially in the countryside. Meat production About 80% of the world population prefer goat meat particularly the meat of young goats which often castrated during the first six week of age to avoid the distinguishing and undesirable smell of goats. Goat's meat is distinguished by low average of fats and cholesterol, therefore it is advisable for those who are suffering from arteriosclerosis and blood pressure. Goats meat is preferable for consuming when the goat approaches 3 – 6 months or from 6 – 12 months. Goat skin is used in tenders leather industries such as suitcases, furniture shoes and winter clothes. People use goat skin in the countryside to carry water and cooling purposes of water as well as agitating milk to produce curdling milk. Boer Goat South Africa is the country of origin for Boer goat breed where they were spread out in various countries especially in the USA .They are distinguished by short white hair and red spots in the head and the neck. Boer goat have got high resistance against diseases and adapting with changeable climates in various areas of the world as well as rapid growth and maturity together with high percentage of fertility and the ability for long period of procreation may reach to 10 years. Female's weight may comes to 60 kg while the weight of a male may come to 90kg. The percentage of net weight of meat reaches to 40% in the goat which weighs 10 kg and reaches to 52% for goat that reaches to 41kg.
Pygmy Goat They are classified as dwarf goats and characterized by big muscles and short legs. They came originally from West Africa and later spread in the Caribbean and North American countries. They are basically bread in West Africa for their meat. Pygmy goats are acclimatized with the humid climate and have the ability to reproduction all round the year and often beget twins. They are bread in the USA as tamed animals and in the shows. Spanish Goats They are originally Spanish and were widely spread in the USA via Mexico . They are bread in the State of Texas for their meat. They are characterized with their medium size, variety of colour, small udder and big muscles. They have the ability to live in the poor pastures, bear the changes of weather, however they need little care and they often beget at any time in the year. Mohair Goats Angora Goats They are characterized with white colour and medium size and have back bend horns, straight or bend nose, dangling ears and have a beard. This bread is characterized with long silky and wavy hair named Mohair which is used to produce luxuries winter clothes especially in England and Italy . This species is bred in Ankara city in Turkey where the name of this goat was taken. The country of origin of this breed is the Near East in Himalaya mountains in Asia where they were spread out in many countries in the world particularly in the USA and South Africa . Angora goats characterize with their hair which looks like silk. The length of curl reaches about 18 – 24 cm and the hair is cut twice a year. Females produce between 3 – 4 kg per year while males produce 6 – 8 kg per year. Milk production of Angora goat is averaged between 180 – 200 liter per year and the ratio of fattiness is about 4% while the percentage of twins delivery may reach to 120%. Kashmiri Goat The history of Kashmiri goats comes back to the Roman ages and Himalaya mountains in China is the their country of origin. It is specialized with long horns and white colour. Kashmiri goats have two types of hair they are the external and the internal soft inner hair which grows in the midsummer till the beginning of winter to protect goats against severe cold. Hair starts to fall out during spring season and hair is obtained through cutting off hair in the mature goats or carding the hair of young goats . This process usually happens once a year.
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